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1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy
On 2 July 1990, an incident occurred during the Hajj in which 1,426 people were suffocated and trampled to death in a tunnel near Mecca.〔(24 Sep 2015). (More than 700 pilgrims die in crush in worst haj disaster for 25 years ), ''Reuters''〕 Until the 2015 Mina stampede, this incident had the highest death toll of any Hajj tragedy in modern times.〔(13 Jan 2006). (A history of hajj tragedies ), ''The Guardian''〕
==Event==
The incident occurred inside a 600-yard-long and 35-foot-wide pedestrian tunnel (Al-Ma'aisim tunnel) leading out from Mecca towards Mina and the Plains of Arafat. The tunnel had been worked on as part of a $15 billion project around Mecca's holy sites started two years earlier by the Saudi government.〔(5 July 1990). (Pilgrimage Ends; Iran rips Saudis ), ''Eugene Register-Guard'' (Associated Press)〕
While pilgrims were traveling to perform the Stoning of the Devil ritual at 10am that morning,〔(16 July 1990). (Saudi Arabia A Tragic Ascension to Paradise ), ''Time (magazine)'' (subscription required)〕 the disaster started when a pedestrian bridge railing was bent, causing seven people to fall off a bridge and onto people exiting the tunnel.〔(4 July 1990). (Witnesses describe stampede that killed 1,400 pilgrims in Mecca ), ''Bangor Daily News'' (Associated Press)〕 The tunnel's capacity of 1,000 soon filled with up to 5,000 people.〔Mahmoud, Aly (5 July 1990). (`Stoning The Devil' Began Mecca's Tunnel Tragedy ), ''Seattle Times'' (Associated Press)〕 With outside temperatures of 44 °C / 112 °F degrees, a failure of the tunnel's ventilation system was also blamed for many of the deaths.〔(6 July 1990). (Horror revisted ), ''Gainesville Sun''〕 Some witnesses claimed they believed a demonstration was occurring, others reported that the power to the tunnel was cut.〔(10 July 1990). (FILIPINO PILGRIMS AMONG VICTIMS OF MECCA TUNNEL TRAGEDY ), ''UCA News''〕 Saudi officials concluded that crowd hysteria occurring from the falling pilgrims was the cause.〔(Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1990, Volume 14; Volume 1990 ), p. 190〕
Many who died were of Malaysian,〔(19 July 1990). (Saudis yet to accept our offer of experts ), ''New Straits Times'' (93 Malaysians confirmed dead by 19 July 1990. Final number grew)〕 Indonesian and Pakistani origin.〔(3 July 1990). (1,000 Muslims Reportedly Killed In Stampede at Mecca Pilgrimage ), ''The New York Times'' (Associated Press)〕 According to one Malaysian account, 80 percent of the deaths occurred outside the tunnel, and 20 percent (about 285) were inside.〔(18 July 1990). (Tunnel tragedy death toll may reach 155, says Yusof ), ''New Straits Times〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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